[Technical specification of epidural blood patch for treatment of spinal cerebrospinal fluid leakage].

Spinal cerebrospinal fluid leakage is a common cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Traditional treatment methods include conservative treatment and surgical treatment, but conservative treatment is ineffective for some patients, while surgical treatment is rarely used in clinical practice due to severe trauma. Minimally invasive surgery at appropriate time is an important method to handlecerebrospinal fluid leakage. Therefore, the Group of Headache and Facial Pain, Pain Branch of Chinese Medical Association formulated this technical specification of epidural blood patch for treatment of normal dural sac tension spinal cerebrospinal fluid leakage. This paper mainly discusses the concept and mechanism, indications and contraindications, operation methods, complications and treatment methods of epidural blood patch in order to improve clinical efficacy, reduce neuralsystem complications and reduce the incidence of adverse events.

Investigation of masticatory muscle thickness and mechanosensitivity of cervical and masticatory muscles in myofascial temporomandibular disorder patients with bruxism: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Bruxism is a common problem associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The aim of this study was to compare a patient group with Myofascial TMD and bruxism and a healthy control group in terms of masseter and temporal muscle thickness (clenching and resting), mechanosensitivity of neck and jaw muscles, craniofacial pain, and disability and emotional stress status. METHODS: The study included 31 patients with myofascial TMD and bruxism (19 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 29.96 ± 8.12 years (range, 18-45 years), and a control group of 31 healthy subjects (19 females, 12 males) with a mean age of 27.58 ± 9.39 years years (range, 18-45 years). Masseter and temporal muscle thicknesses were evaluated with a mobile ultrasound device both at rest and when clenching the jaw. The mechanosensitivity values between the upper trapezius, obliquus capitis inferior, masseter and temporal muscles were measured with a digital algometer device. Craniofacial pain and disability level were evaluated with the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Index (CFPDI), and emotional stress levels with the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14). RESULTS: No difference was determined between the two groups in respect of the clenching and resting ratios of muscle thickness in any muscle (p > 0.05). The mechanosensitivity values in all muscles were lower in the myofascial TMD group than in the healthy group (p < 0.05). The CFPDI and PSS-14 scores were higher in the myofascial TMD group (p < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between CFPDI, PSS-14 and Bruxism Frequency Score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The difference in mechanosensitivity and CFPDI values between the myofascial TMD patients with bruxism and the healthy control group indicates that the problem in this patient group has effects in the craniocervical and cervical regions. In addition, the correlation between CFPDI, PSS-14 and Bruxism Frequency Score in myofascial TMD patients suggests that this problem may be affected by the interaction of different parameters.

Influence of malocclusion on sleep bruxism and orofacial pain: data from a study in school children.

OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional school-based study explored the influence of malocclusion on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain complaints, and whether this association would be mediated by sleep bruxism in a representative sample of 7- to 8-year-old children. METHODS: Path analysis estimated direct, indirect, and total effects of occlusal features on sleep bruxism and TMD pain in 7- to 8-year-old children. Occlusal features were assessed with Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), orofacial pain complaints using the TMD pain screener, possible sleep bruxism based on self-reports, and probable sleep bruxism based on self-reports combined with clinical findings. Structural equation modeling analyzed data with confounding factors. RESULTS: From 580 participants, possible sleep bruxism was observed in 136 children (31.5%), probable sleep bruxism in 30 children (6.7%), and TMD pain complaints in 78 children (13.8%). Malocclusion had no direct effect on either possible sleep bruxism [standardized coefficient (SC) 0.000; p = 0.992], or TMD pain complaints (SC - 0.01; p = 0.740). When probable sleep bruxism was set as the mediator of interest, malocclusion did not directly affect probable sleep bruxism (SC 0.01; p = 0.766), nor TMD pain complaints (SC - 0.02; p = 0.515). A direct effect of probable sleep bruxism on TMD pain complaints was observed with an SC of 0.60 (p < 0.001). However, in neither case, malocclusion indirectly affected TMD pain complaints via bruxism. CONCLUSION: Malocclusion in 7- to 8-year-old children did not directly influence possible or probable sleep bruxism or TMD pain complaints. Instead, probable sleep bruxism was strongly associated with TMD pain complaints. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The impact of occlusal features on TMD pain complaints and bruxism has been a long-standing controversy in dentistry. However, the scientific literature linking this association may be inconsistent, mainly due to biased sample selection methods with inadequate consideration of confounders. Further research should try to identify additional risk factors for TMD pain in addition to probable sleep bruxism in children.

Awake and Sleep Oral Behaviours in Patients With Painful Temporomandibular Disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to explore the oral behaviours exhibited by individuals with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD) pain, and with various pain characteristics; and to determine which oral behaviour is correlated with painful TMD. METHODS: 328 patients with TMD who visited Orofacial Pain Clinic were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. The patients were categorised into 2 groups-painful TMD and non-painful TMD-based on pain status; their other pain characteristics were recorded. To evaluate oral behaviours, researchers utilised the Oral Behaviors Checklist (OBC) and categorised into 3 levels based on the Diagnostic criteria for TMD scoring manual. To investigate the associations amongst demographic information, oral behaviour levels, and TMD pain status and characteristics, logistic regression was employed, whilst t tests were used to analyse OBC scores. Logistic regression was also used to examine individual oral behaviours in relation to specific pain characteristics. RESULTS: Age and marital status were associated with TMD pain status. Significantly higher OBC scores were observed in chronic pain compared to acute pain group, but the scores were not significantly different for pain status and other pain characteristics. OBC score and level were associated solely with TMD pain chronicity. According to multivariate logistic regression, "clench or grind teeth when sleeping" was the strongest predictor of TMD pain and "place tongue forcibly against teeth" was the strongest predictor of chronic painful TMD. CONCLUSIONS: High oral behaviour level and OBC scores were associated with chronic painful TMD. Sleep bruxism was the strongest predictor of TMD pain. Age and marital status were correlated with TMD pain status. In the treatment of TMD, there can be potential benefits in addressing and managing oral parafunctional behaviours.

Pain is common in early onset Parkinson's disease and pain severity is associated with age and worsening of motor and non-motor symptoms.

The consequences of pain in early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) remain under appreciated even though pain may exert an increasingly negative impact on patient quality of life as motor and non-motor symptoms worsen. In this prospective study, we investigate the prevalence and severity of pain in 135 Vietnamese patients with EOPD from three medical centers using the King's PD Pain Scale (KPPS), the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). Pain was reported by 79.3%. The most common subtype of pain was musculoskeletal (70.1%), followed by nocturnal (43.9%), radicular (43.0%), chronic (42.1%), fluctuation-related (34.6%) and orofacial pain (16.8%). Most patients (74.8%) experienced more than one pain subtype. Fluctuation-related pain and orofacial pain were significantly more prevalent among patients with higher Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stages (3-5) versus lower H&Y stages (1-2). Pain subtype and severity were not significantly related to gender or age of PD onset. Patients with H&Y stages 3-5 had statistically significantly higher KPPS scores for fluctuation-related pain (p = 0.018) and radicular pain (p = 0.026). Independent associations were found between pain severity and age (p = 0.028), depression severity (p = 0.018), perceptual problems/hallucinations (p = 0.033) and sexual function (p = 0.024). Patients with depression and higher H&Y stages (3-5) had statistically significantly higher mean KPPS scores versus patients without depression and at lower H&Y stages (1-2). Pain may be more common and severe in EOPD patients than previously appreciated. Older age, depression, perceptual problems/hallucinations and sexual dysfunction were independently associated with higher pain severity.

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of headaches in people with temporomandibular joint disorders: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Headaches (HAs) and temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) are common comorbidities, and the presence of one of them in a patient increases the incidence of the other. The relationship between these 2 conditions may involve common pathophysiological processes. Considering the topicality of the problem, it is justified to conduct research in this field. In this study, we assessed HA type and severity in people with TMD. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to conduct qualitative and quantitative assessments of HAs in people with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 51 subjects of both sexes with a TMD diagnosed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) test. A self-report questionnaire was utilized to self-assess the presence of TMD symptoms, while the standardized Short-Form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess HAs. RESULTS: People with TMD were significantly more likely to report HA occurrences (p < 0.001). Pain intensity was statistically significantly higher among individuals with TMD compared to those without TMD symptoms (p < 0.001). Most often, the HA was associated with a pressing pain (r = 0.82) and least often, it was described as cutting (r = 0.30). Neck and shoulder girdle pain (p = 0.059; 82.9%) and clenching and/or grinding of teeth (p = 0.021; 92.7%) were significantly more common among patients who declared HAs than among those without HAs. The results obtained so far may indicate a significant relationship between HA and TMD. CONCLUSION: We have described the relationship between the occurrence of HAs and TMD. Headaches are more frequent and more severe in people with TMD.

Endoscopic microvascular decompression versus microscopic microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To compare the efficacy and safety of full endoscopic or endoscope-assisted microvascular decompression (E-MVD) and microscopic microvascular decompression (M-MVD) for primary trigeminal neuralgia (TN). METHODS: We systematically searched the online database, including PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library. The search terms used included, but were not limited to, "Trigeminal Neuralgia", "Microvascular Decompression Surgery" and "Endoscope". Postoperative facial pain relief and postoperative complications were considered for meta-analysis. All the outcomes were calculated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals using R language. RESULTS: A total of three studies involving 442 (E-MVD [218] versus M-MVD [224]) patients were included for analysis in our study. Postoperative facial pain relief (very much improved or much improved) was no difference between the two groups (OR, 0.95;95% CI, 0.57-1.58; I2 = 0%; p = 0.83). In addition, the occurrence of some postoperative complications was not statistically different between the two groups, including CSFleak (OR, 1.35;95% CI, 0.16-11.13; I2 = 0%; p = 0.94), facial paralysis (OR, 0.26;95% CI, 0.03-2.54; I2 = 0%; p = 0.67), hearing loss (OR, 0.87;95% CI, 0.30-2.55; I2 = 32%; p = 0.22), facial numbness (OR, 1.03;95% CI, 0.56-1.87; I2 = 62%; p = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Both endoscopic microvascular decompression and microscopic microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia appear to provide patients with equivalent facial pain relief outcomes. Complication rates were also similar between the groups.

Temporomandibular disorders and orofacial neuropathic pain in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

Pediatric orofacial pain (OFP) is a blanket term referring to the pain of soft and hard tissue in the face, neck and headaches affecting subjects younger than 18. OFP encompasses pain due to various causes, i.e., (i) Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), (ii) Headache, and (iii) Neuropathies. This review aims to provide an overview of these three causes of OFP. The inclusion criteria are: (1) articles in English; (2) human studies; (3) clinical trials; (4) systematic review. Data from the included studies using a customized data extraction on a Microsoft Excel sheet. PubMed, Web of Science and Lilacs were systematically searched. The time window considered for the electronic search was from 01 January 1950 to 21 October 2022. A total of 3399 articles published were found from electronic searches. Finally, six full-text articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. The included studies have been published over the past 27 years (1993 to 2020). The studies analyzed were conducted in various parts of the world: USA, Argentina, Canada, South America (Brazil), and India. A total of 308 subjects were analyzed. TMD, headache, and neuropathies are among the leading causes of orofacial pain. Lifestyle changes and psychological approaches could be curative. However, some patients need pharmacotherapy. Regarding the inadequate treatment of pain after hospital discharge due to the difficulty of following the scheduled intervals prescribed, remote monitoring through telemedicine tools could be a solution in the future. Several conditions present with pain in children and adolescents; in most of them, pain is the most prominent symptom. This review found that one of the most critical causes of OFP is temporomandibular dysfunction. Treatment is founded on a multidisciplinary approach.

Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid Modulation of Nociception and Inflammation Associated with a Rat Model of Pulpitis.

Despite advancements in dental pain management, one of the most common reasons for emergency dental care is orofacial pain. Our study aimed to determine the effects of non-psychoactive Cannabis constituents in the treatment of dental pain and related inflammation. We tested the therapeutic potential of two non-psychoactive Cannabis constituents, cannabidiol (CBD) and ß-caryophyllene (ß-CP), in a rodent model of orofacial pain associated with pulp exposure. Sham or left mandibular molar pulp exposures were performed on Sprague Dawley rats treated with either vehicle, the phytocannabinoid CBD (5 mg/kg i.p.) or the sesquiterpene ß-CP (30 mg/kg i.p.) administered 1 h pre-exposure and on days 1, 3, 7, and 10 post-exposure. Orofacial mechanical allodynia was evaluated at baseline and post-pulp exposure. Trigeminal ganglia were harvested for histological evaluation at day 15. Pulp exposure was associated with significant orofacial sensitivity and neuroinflammation in the ipsilateral orofacial region and trigeminal ganglion. ß-CP but not CBD produced a significant reduction in orofacial sensitivity. ß-CP also significantly reduced the expression of the inflammatory markers AIF and CCL2, while CBD only decreased AIF expression. These data represent the first preclinical evidence that non-psychoactive cannabinoid-based pharmacotherapy may provide a therapeutic benefit for the treatment of orofacial pain associated with pulp exposure.

Sleep disturbances are associated with pain intensity and pain-related functional interference in patients experiencing orofacial pain.

BACKGROUND: Sleep and pain have a reciprocal relationship, interacting with psychosocial aspects including depression, anxiety, somatization and significant stressful events. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess patients with oro-facial pain (OFP) and related sleep disturbances and determine the strongest psychosocial correlates. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of anonymized data of consecutive patients with OFP {January 2019 and February 2020} were analysed. Diagnostic and Axis-II data were integrated to assess the relationship between sleep disturbances, measured using Chronic Pain Sleep Inventory, and demographic factors, clinical comorbidities, recent stressful events, pain severity and pain- and psychological-related function. RESULTS: Five out of six patients with OFP were presented with pain-related sleep disturbances. Sleep problems were enhanced in patients with primary oro-facial headache compared with other OFP conditions. However, once the level of pain intensity and interference was accounted for, primary headache, was not a significant correlate of pain-related sleep disturbances. Multivariate analysis revealed (average) pain severity and pain interference were both significantly associated with sleep problems. There were also significant independent associations of sleep problems with somatization levels and reported experience of recent stressful events. CONCLUSION: Identifying sleep problems as a part of OFP management may be beneficial and could result in better management outcomes.

Triad multisystem phenotype with high risk for developing temporomandibular disorders-characteristics and potential pathophysiology results from the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment dataset.

ABSTRACT: A multisystem phenotype with the Triad of bodily pain, psychological distress, and sleep disturbance was found to have high risk for developing initial onset of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in the multicenter Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment dataset. In this study, we systemically examined phenotypic characteristics and explored potential pathophysiology in quantitative sensory testing and autonomic nervous system domains in this multisystem Triad phenotype. Secondary analysis was performed on 1199 non-Triad and 154 Triad TMD-free Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment enrollees at baseline. Results indicated that before developing TMDs, the Triad phenotype demonstrated both orofacial and systemic signs and symptoms that can only be captured through multisystem assessment. In addition, we found significantly lower resting heart rate variability and higher resting heart rate in the Triad phenotype as compared with the non-Triad group. However, pain sensitivity measured by quantitative sensory testing was not different between groups. These findings highlight the importance of whole-person multisystem assessment at the stage before developing complex pain conditions, such as TMDs, and suggest that, in addition to a "tissue damage monitor," pain should be considered in a broader context, such as a component within a "distress monitoring system" at the whole-person level when multisystem issues copresent. Therefore, the presence or absence of multisystem issues may carry critical information when searching for disease mechanisms and developing mechanism-based intervention and prevention strategies for TMDs and related pain conditions. Cardiovascular autonomic function should be further researched when multisystem issues copresent before developing TMDs.

Age-related Changes in Trigeminal Ganglion Macrophages Enhance Orofacial Ectopic Pain After Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The ectopic pain associated with inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury has been reported to involve macrophage expression in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). However, the effect of age-related changes on this abnormal pain conditions are still unknown. This study sought to clarify the involvement of age-related changes in macrophage expression and phenotypic conversion in the TG and how these changes enhance ectopic mechanical allodynia after IAN transection (IANX). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM)-prone 8 (SAMP8) and SAM-resistance 1 (SAMR1) mice, which are commonly used to study ageing-related changes. Mechanical stimulation was applied to the whisker pad skin under light anaesthesia; the mechanical head withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was measured for 21 d post-IANX. We subsequently counted the numbers of Iba1 (macrophage marker)-immunoreactive (IR) cells, Iba1/CD11c (M1-like inflammatory macrophage marker)-co-IR cells, and Iba1/CD206 (M2-like anti-inflammatory macrophage marker)-co-IR cells in the TG innervating the whisker pad skin. After continuous intra-TG administration of liposomal clodronate Clophosome®-A (LCCA) to IANX-treated SAMP8-mice, the MHWT values of the whisker pad skin were examined. RESULTS: Five days post-IANX, the MHWT had significantly decreased in SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1-mice. Iba1-IR and Iba1/CD11c-co-IR cell counts were significantly increased in SAMP8 mice compared to SAMR1 mice 5 d post-IANX. LCCA administration significantly restored MHWT compared to control-LCCA administration. CONCLUSION: Ectopic mechanical allodynia of whisker pad skin after IANX is exacerbated by ageing, which involves increases in M1-like inflammatory macrophages in the TG.

Diagnosis and treatment of intractable idiopathic orofacial pain with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported to be associated with primary chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia, migraine, and chronic low back pain. Although idiopathic orofacial pain (IOP) is classified as burning mouth syndrome or persistent idiopathic facial or dentoalveolar pain and as a primary chronic pain, the association between IOP and ADHD has not been investigated. This retrospective cohort study investigated the severity of ADHD symptoms measured using the ADHD scale and the effects of treatment using ADHD drugs and the dopamine system stabilizer aripiprazole. The participants were 25 consecutive patients with refractory IOP referred to a psychiatrist and diagnosed with coexisting ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5. The ADHD scale scores were higher in patients with intractable IOP than those in the general population. Pharmacotherapy used in this study led to clinically significant improvements in pain, anxiety/depression, and pain catastrophizing. Intractable IOP and ADHD were shown to be associated. In the future, screening and pharmacotherapy for ADHD should be considered in the treatment of intractable IOP.

Temporomandibular disorders and autonomic dysfunction: Exploring the possible link between the two using a questionnaire survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess autonomic function and investigate factors related to its dysfunction in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) from a biopsychosocial perspective. METHODS: Seventy-six patients with TMD were investigated by clinical examination and questionnaires concerning biopsychosocial aspects (The Brief Pain Inventory, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised) and autonomic dysfunction (The COMPASS 31). RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were included in the study. The result of multiple regression analysis showed that four variables (sex, depression, age, and pain interference) were significantly associated with autonomic dysfunction. Increased orthostatic intolerance and bladder dysfunction were observed in females and males, respectively. Younger age was associated with higher orthostatic intolerance, while higher pain interference was associated with higher secretomotor dysfunction and bladder dysfunction. Further, higher depression scores were linked to higher scores in the gastrointestinal subdomain. CONCLUSION: Autonomic dysfunction may affect TMD-related pain in the context of a biopsychosocial perspective.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis mistaken as a temporomandibular joint disorder: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), is a rare systemic disease that if left untreated, it may lead to death within 6-12 months. This case report describes a 15-year-old female with a 14-month history of epiphora, nasal breathing difficulties, headaches, and jaw pain. The patient reported having various medical procedures attempted to address her symptoms. The classical presentation of strawberry gingivitis led to the diagnosis of GPA. Based on a multi-language search, this is the first reported case, that GPA is mistaken as Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD). CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old female with nearly 14 months of numerous complaints, including headaches and jaw pain, was referred for an orofacial pain (OFP) consultation. The patient had completed a dental examination and was prescribed chlorhexidine for gingivitis control. The OFP examination was not consistent with signs and symptoms of TMD. However, the gingival appearance of strawberry gingivitis was suggestive of GPA. A rheumatologist confirmed the diagnosis of GPA based on the clinical interview, serology testing, and dental findings. A course of rituximab and corticosteroids, and regular dental cleanings were recommended. A 4-month follow-up visit demonstrated complete resolution of her jaw pain and headaches. Gingival tissue appeared normal. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the need for familiarity with systemic diseases that can present oral manifestations. It also stresses the importance for dental professionals to be knowledgeable of differential diagnoses for TMD, headaches, and autoimmune disorders. Why is this case new information? This is believed to be the first published case mistaking GPA as TMD. This is a case in which a multidisciplinary approach and management were keys for a successful treatment outcome. What are the keys to successful management of this case? Obtain a thorough clinical history. Know the oral manifestation of systemic diseases. Know differential diagnosis of TMD and headaches. What are the primary limitations to success in this case? Having no access to the medical records during the OFP consultation. Having no awareness of differential diagnosis for gingivitis: strawberry, plaque-induced.

Evaluation of the effects of bruxism on oral health-related quality of life in adults.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bruxism on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in adults in relation to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODS: Three hundred-fifteen adults of both sexes were divided into two groups: bruxers (n = 172) and controls (n = 143). The participants with TMD were divided into three subgroups based on myofascial pain, disc displacement, or both. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to assess OHRQoL. RESULTS: Bruxers had poorer OHRQoL than controls, and the highest mean OHIP-14 domain scores were observed in physical pain. Bruxers with TMD had higher total OHIP-14 scores and individual domain scores than those without TMD. Bruxers without TMD demonstrated higher OHIP-14 scores than controls. CONCLUSION: Bruxism was associated with poor OHRQoL. Where bruxism was accompanied by TMD, OHRQoL could be more negatively affected. The presence of bruxism without TMD was also associated with poor OHRQoL.

Characterization of head and neck pain symptoms of patients presenting to a tertiary care pain clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the presentation and symptomatology of individuals presenting with pain in head and neck regions. METHODS: A retrospective chart-review was performed on patients with pain in the HFN presenting to a tertiary pain center in Turkey between January 2016 and January 2017. Information regarding the characteristics of pain and medical and treatment history were extracted and reviewed. RESULTS: Among 197 subjects, 135 (68.5%) were females. The average duration of pain was 60.13 ± 92.32 months. The pain was continuous in presentation and severe in intensity in 43.1% and 51.8% of the subjects, respectively. The pain was associated with at least one somatosensory symptom in 12.1% of subjects. Common diagnoses were trigeminal neuralgia, persistent idiopathic facial pain, and migraine headaches. CONCLUSION: Painful disorders of the HFN are associated with varying and perplexing signs and symptoms. Such patients should undergo a comprehensive clinical assessment with a multidisciplinary team.

A rose by another name? Characteristics that distinguish headache secondary to temporomandibular disorder from headache that is comorbid with temporomandibular disorder.

ABSTRACT: Co-occurring pain conditions that affect overlapping body regions are complicated by the distinction between primary vs secondary pain conditions. We investigate the occurrence of headache and painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in a community-based, cross-sectional study of US adults in the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA-II) study. A specific goal was to determine whether headache attributed to TMD is separable from primary headache. Using DC/TMD and International Classification of Headache Disorders-third edition criteria, 3 groups of individuals were created: (a) headache without TMD; (b) headache comorbid with TMD; and (c) headache attributed to TMD. Regression models compared study groups according to demographic and comorbid characteristics, and post hoc contrasts tested for differences. Descriptive statistics and Cohen d effect size were computed, by group, for each predictor variable. Differences in continuous predictors were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Nearly all demographic and comorbid variables distinguished the combined headache and TMD groups from the group with headache alone. Relative to the reference group with primary headache alone, markers related to headache, TMD, somatic pain processing, psychosocial, and health conditions were substantially greater in both headache comorbid with TMD and headache attributed to TMD, attesting to their qualitative similarities. However, effect sizes relative to the reference group were large for headache comorbid with TMD and larger again for headache attributed to TMD, attesting to their separability in quantitative terms. In summary, the presence of overlapping painful TMD and headache adds substantially to the biopsychosocial burden of headache and points to the importance of comprehensive assessment and differential management.

Sleep-related factors and orofacial pain symptoms associated with rhythmic masticatory muscle activity frequency scored by polysomnography recordings: A case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the frequency of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity per hour (RMMA/h) scored by polysomnography (PSG) recordings on sleep-related factors and orofacial pain symptoms. METHODS: According to RMMA/h frequency, participants were assigned either to the control group (i.e., CRMMA, n = 40); or the case group according to high (i.e., HRMMA, n = 12) or low (LRMMA, n = 28) RMMA/h frequency. Fisher's exact (nominal variables), One-way Analysis of Variance followed by post-hoc Tukey (continuous variables) and Poisson Regression tests were used to calculate orofacial pain symptoms and sleep-related breathing, behavior, and architecture differences between controls versus cases at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The CRMMA differed from HRMMA and LRMMA subgroups considering orofacial pain, self-reported tooth clenching or grinding, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), snoring, and most variables considering sleep architecture (P ≤ 0.05). Multivariate adjusted Poisson regression analysis revealed that bruxers, regardless of RMMA/h frequency, presented a significantly higher prevalence rate (PR) related to orofacial pain (PR 1.68; P = 0.025) and self-reported behavior (PR 1.71; P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Significant differences in N1, N2 and N3 stages, arousals, arousal per hour, and sleep onset latency variables were found comparing bruxer with high or low RMMA/h frequency. Compared to controls, bruxers presented higher PR related to headache and self-reported tooth clenching or grinding.

Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain.

Trigeminal nerve injury is one of the causes of chronic orofacial pain. Patients suffering from this condition have a significantly reduced quality of life. The currently available management modalities are associated with limited success. This article reviews some of the common causes and clinical features associated with post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain (PTNP). A cascade of events in the peripheral and central nervous system function is involved in the pathophysiology of pain following nerve injuries. Central and peripheral processes occur in tandem and may often be co-dependent. Due to the complexity of central mechanisms, only peripheral events contributing to the pathophysiology have been reviewed in this article. Future investigations will hopefully help gain insight into trigeminal-specific events in the pathophysiology of the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain secondary to nerve injury and enable the development of new therapeutic modalities.